Insects Injurious to the Apple. 77 



wash or caustic alkali wash, or if Mussel Scale is present the Woburn 

 wash in winter. 



Eefeubncbs. 



(1) Goedaerdt, I. ' Metamorphosis et Historia Naturalis Inseotorum ' (1662- 



1667). 



(2) SUiHjerland, M. V. The Codling Moth. Bull. 142. Cornell University 



Agricultural Experiment Station, U.S.A., p. 69 (1898). 



(3) Theobald, F. V. Second Eeport on Economic Zoology (Brit. Mus.), p. 50 



(1904). 



(4) Theobald, F. V. Eeport on Economic Zoology for the year ending 



April 1st, 1906, p. 21 (1906). 



(5) Ormerod, E. A. ' Handbook of Insects Injurious to Orchard and Bush 



Fruits ■ (1898). 



The Codling Moth Ichneumon. 



(Ephialfes carbonarius. Zach.) 



This is a well-known European parasite of the Codling Moth and 

 is very common in some countries, notably in Spain. The female 

 searches for the cocoons which the grubs of the Codling Moth have 

 spun up under the bark of the trees, and by means of her long 

 ovipositor she punctures the cocoons and deposits an egg in the grub. 



A female is believed to lay one hundred and fifty eggs, one in each 

 grub. The Ichneumon maggot on hatching from the egg feeds upon 

 the Codling Moth larva, pupates in its cocoon and eventually hatches 

 as a Ephialtes carhonarms. 



The period from the egg to the hatching of the Ichneumon varies 

 from thirty-eight to forty-six days. 



It is mentioned here on account of the great fuss that has been 

 made concerning it as a means of checking this apple maggot. It 

 was introduced from Spain into California some while ago by a 

 Mr. Compere. Mr. Froggatt found no trace of this parasite in the 

 Calif ornian orchards, and he adds, " and I might state that I 

 have been unable to find any instance in which this Ichneumon 

 parasite has been found in any orchard."* Further he says : " The 

 general opinion of all the apple growers with whom I talked is that 

 this parasite is a failure up to the present in California, and will not 

 make the least difference in their spraying work."* 



It is pleasing to find both Mr. Froggatt and Mr. Lounsbury, who 

 have gone to see these various wonders, giving their sound and honest 

 version of these matters. 



* Journal Dep. Agri. Victoria, vol. V., pt. 12, p, 717 (1908). 



