Insects Injurious to the Apple. 



147 



July to September is said to Ije tlie ]ieiio(l dver wliieli the win-eil 

 race may oeciir. < )ii only one occasion lia\e 1 iiecii ahlo to find llie 

 Avinu-ed form, nor liave I ever succeeded lu olilaiiiiii-' it artificialh'. 

 ^Ir. Fred Smitli nf Loddiiigtoii lells me it sometimes dccurs iu llie 

 (irehards amuml I\[aidstone. Tlie wiijc-ed vivipai'ous I'emale is diisl<\- 

 clioeolate-liniwn with typical Si'/ii-.mir/i rn venation to tlie \\-in"s. 



These females fly fronr one tree to anotliiT, and possibly from 

 orchard to iirchai'd. 'fhere are no data to show ur even give us any 

 idea how far they may tra\'al. 



The winged females jjroduce living young or lice similar to those 

 which form the progeiiA' of the 

 " mother-rpieens/' and tliese go 

 en reproducing until late autumn, 

 and I have e\'en known successive 

 liroods continue right thronL;li the 

 winter. 



On tile apjireach of autumn, 

 a few males and ii\'i parous females 

 are present. As far as ufiserva- 

 tions carried on over the }jast 

 twenty years go, I can only say 

 this sexual lirood is extremely 

 rare in this country. Twice in 

 twelve years it Jias occuned on 

 one tree cunstautb' kept under 

 observation. 



It must not be ignoi'ed, hnw- 

 e\'er, as the wintering in the e,L;'_; 

 stage is of ecmiomic importance. 



The wingless oviparous female 

 is very small, and may well escape 

 ciliservation. In cijlour she is 



dull reddisli-yelliiw, in size no less than '003 incli. The wingless 

 male is, like tlie oviparous female, (|uite destitute of a mciutli. 



This sexual female deposits a single egg and dies, lier dead hod\- 

 forming a protection or co^'ering to the shiny dark egg during the 

 winter. Fmni oljservations so far made, the egg stage takes place 

 close to the liase of the tree, alwa>'s, Jiowever, aliove ground level. 



These ova remain frequenti}' hidden in the cre\-ices of the bark 

 all the winter, and in spring they produce a larva (Fig. 124) whicli 

 soon matures inl(j the " motliei-queen '' form, and whiidi sets to worlc 

 at a great rate to produce viviparous young. 



L 2 



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llll. — J'IKCK "i' \\II.I> rl;.\B Al'l'J.K 

 -\TTACKK1' hV WdMj.l.v Arms. 



