Insects Injurious to the Apple. 175 



The paraffin treatment should never be adopted in summer 

 unless the attack is very severe. 



EeFERENCES. 



(1) Fci-nalil, M. E. ' Catalogue of the Coccidte of the World,' p. 314 (1903). 



(Complete synonomy of the species). 



(2) Theobald, F. V. Anmial Pests and Legislation. Proceedings of the 



Association of Economic Biologists, ^'ol. I., pt. 2, pp. 31 and 53 (1906). 



(3) Furley, K. Eeport on the Experimental Spraying for the Apple Sucker, 



with note on the Mussel Scale, etc. Worcestershire Education Com- 

 mittee (1907). 



(4) Theoiald, F. V. Report on Economic Zoology for the year endiog April, 



1906, pp. 27-36 (1906). 



(5) Theobald, ,F. V. Scale Disease and False Scale amongst Fruit Trees and 



Bushes. First Eeport on Economic Zoology (British Museum Nat. 

 Hist.) pp. 22-25 (1903). 



(6) Theobald, F. V. Eeport on Economic Zoology for the year ending 



April 1st, 1907, pp. 42-44 (1907). 



(7) Bedford, Duke of and PicJcering, Spencer U. Sixth Eeport, Woburn 



Experimental Fruit Farm, pp. 225-231 (1906). 



(8) Neiuatead, B. ' Monograph of the Coocidfe of the British Isles,' vol. I., 



p.- 194. (Eay Society). (1900). 



THE BROWN SOFT SCALE. 



{Lecanium caprcw. Linn.) 



This scale insect was sent me in 1904 on apple twigs from Eoss 

 by Mr. Getting, with a note that they occurred here and there all over 

 tlie plantations. Mr. Murdock of Westerhill, Linton, sent the same 

 in 1906, and specimens on the apple were sent from Devon by Major 

 Vio-ors in 1902. Although no bad attack of this scale insect has 

 occurred, the very fact of its wide distribution, which is said by 

 Newstead (1) to be general in suitable localities throughout England, 

 makes it of importance. Carpenter records it from apple in County 

 Cavan and on peach at Ballyhaire in Ireland. The scale insect is a 

 large brown, soft, scale-like body, shown in Fig. 143. 



That it may under certain circumstances increase abnormally we 

 gather from Newstead's description of it killing large patches of a 

 hawthorn hedge skirting the borders of the city of Chester. 



The food plants are extremely variable, including the following 

 given by Fernald (2) and Newstead (1) :— Salix, linden, poplar, 

 Pyrus malus, P. commionis, P. domesticus (Fernald), hawthorn, 

 Cotoneaster, elm, sycamore, oak, alder, wild and cultivated roses 



