134 TIMBER TREES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



beech, and reaches an average height of 40 to 50 feet and an 

 average diameter of 1 5 to 20 inches. In favorable localities at 

 its lower limits, it attains a height of nearly 100 and a diameter 

 of 4 feet. 



It bears seed in abundance, in this State, only at long and irreg- 

 ular intervals. Young growth, however, is common in the thick 

 woods. 



Great quantities of spruce have been destroyed by bark beetles, 

 notably in Maine and in the Adirondack mountains of New York. 

 A bud worm, Tortrix fumiferana, Clemens, which attacks the 

 shoots and foliage, is one of its most deadly enemies. 



The dark green needle-shaped rigid leaves are scattered on all 

 sides of the slightly downy branchlets. The cones are ovate or 

 ovate-oblong and 1 to \\ inches long, with thin roundish scales. 



The wood is light, soft, not strong, close and straight-grained; 

 light red, or often nearly white in color ; the sapwood lighter. It 

 is used for construction, shipbuilding, piles, posts, railroad ties, 

 etc. Spruce beer is made from this species. 



The largest bodies of spruce, in North Carolina, are on the 

 Black mountains in Yancey county, Grandfather mountain in 

 Watauga, the Balsam mountains in Haywood, and the Great 

 Smoky mountains in Swain county. 



Tsuga canadensis, Carriere. 



(hemlock, spruce pine.) 



A large tree, with a large conical crown, numerous spreading 

 branches, and dark red-brown deeply furrowed bark, reaching a 

 height of 110 and a diameter of 6 feet. (Plate XIX.) 



It occurs generally on northern slopes from Nova Scotia to 

 northern Wisconsin, and south to Delaware, Michigan, central 

 Wisconsin, and along the Appalachian mountains to Alabama; 

 reaching its best development in the high mountains of North 

 Carolina and Tennessee. 



In North Carolina, where it attains an average height of To to 

 80 and an average diameter of 2 to 3 feet, it is common in the 

 mountains in cool ravines along streams on loamy or rich ve°-eta- 



