AS ACCOMPANIMENT OF ORGANIC CHANGES 47 
each increment modifies the situation which takes effect on the 
succeeding phases of behaviour, even if they succeed within the 
fraction of a second. That is what is meant by saying that 
present experience is for future guidance. The future need 
not be remote, but may be so immediate that in popular speech 
we may say that it is not future but present guidance which is 
rendered possible. 
We may now turn for a moment to the criticism that there 
are numberless cases in which nothing of the nature of distinct 
memory is involved. We may now substitute for the word 
remembrance, which was used above, the more technical term 
re-presentation. Profiting by experience, regarded as a criterion 
of the presence of effective consciousness, involves re-presenta- 
tive elements in the conscious situation which carry with them 
meaning. Let us for the moment assume an ultra-sceptical 
attitude with regard to any conscious accompaniment. The 
chick when it pecks, let us say, is an unconscious automaton. 
It seizes a piece of egg; this affords an unconscious stimulus, 
which sets agoing unconscious acts of swallowing ; or it seizes 
a piece of meal soaked in quinine, which sets agoing unconscious 
acts of rejection and touches the hidden springs which make 
the automaton wipe its bill. So far we find no great difficulty. 
It is when we have to consider subsequent behaviour that 
a severe strain is felt on this method of interpretation. 
One can understand an automatic action repeated again and 
again as often as the stimulus is repeated. But the chick 
may shake its head and wipe its bill on the mere sight of 
the quinine-soaked meal, which, on the hypothesis of conscious 
experience, has already proved distasteful. So that if we 
accept the unconscious automaton theory we must assume an 
organic association which closely simulates the conscious 
association to which our own experience testifies. But the 
associations which take part in the guidance of behaviour in 
the chick are so varied and delicate, so closely resemble those 
which in ourselves imply conscious guidance, that a sceptical 
attitude throws more strain upon our credulity than the 
acceptance of the current belief in conscious control. We 
