INTERCOMMUNICATION 193 
without the aid of any higher faculty, will secure accommoda- 
tion and render imitation more and more perfect. And this 
appears to be the stage reached by the mocking-bird or the 
parrot. But the child soon goes further. He reflects upon 
the results he has reached ; he at first dimly, and then more 
clearly realizes that they are imitative ; and his later efforts at 
imitation are no longer subject to the chance occurrence of 
happy results, but are based on a scheme of behaviour which is 
taking form in his mind, are deliberate and intentional, and 
are directed to a special end more or less clearly perceived as 
such. He no longer imitates like a parrot; he begins to 
imitate like a man, and may, by the study of good models and 
the maintenance of a high ideal, acquire the moving cadences 
of an orator. 
According to our interpretation, instinctive imitation is a 
factor of wide importance in animal behaviour, intelligent 
imitation, arising in close connection with interest in the 
doings of others, is a co-operating factor, but of intentional and 
reflective imitation there is at present no satisfactory evidence 
in any animal below man. 
II.—IntTERCOMMUNICATION 
The foundations of intercommunication, like those of 
imitation, are laid in certain instinctive modes of response, 
which are stimulated by the acts of other animals of the same 
social group. These have been fostered by natural selection as 
a means of social linkage furthering the preservation, both of 
the individual and of the group. 
Some account has already been given of the sounds made 
by young birds, which seem to be instinctive and to afford an 
index of the emotional state at the time of utterance. That in 
many cases they serve to evoke a like emotional state and 
correlated expressive behaviour in other birds of the same 
brood cannot be questioned. The alarm note ofa chick 
will place its companions on the alert; and the harsh 
“krek ? of a young moor-hen, uttered in a peculiar crouching 
te) 
