THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 227 
and defend one another, it will have been increased through 
natural selection ; for those communities which included the 
greatest number of the most sympathetic members would 
flourish best, and rear the greatest number of offspring.” 
It is impossible to improve upon this pithy description 
of the salient facts, and terse explanation in terms of the 
hypothesis of natural selection. It may, perhaps, be urged 
that, on this hypothesis, the origin of the social state, through 
a biological association of individuals, probably neither pre- 
ceded nor followed the development of a psychical bond arising 
from the sense of satisfaction and comfort afforded by social 
life, but that both originated pari passu. If the linkage was 
primarily instinctive, its intelligent continuance could only be 
effected through the pleasure social behaviour carried with it, 
and the discomfort of separation from the community. No 
instinctive acts would be persistently repeated, under the 
guidance of individual experience, if that experience proved 
bitter and not sweet. An animal with thwarted instincts is 
one with unsatisfied impulses ; its biological and its psycho- 
logical tendencies are alike unfulfilled. What Darwin saw 
and wished to enforce, however, was that the psychical link of 
conscious satisfaction was a necessary prerequisite of the con- 
tinuance and further evolution of sociability ; and that without 
the integrating bonds of sympathy any advance of social 
development was impossible. 
In two able and interesting articles in the Mineteenth 
Century review,* on “Mutual Aid among Animals,” Prince 
Kropotkine gives a useful and sufficiently detailed summary of 
the chief facts concerning the social relationships which have 
been observed in the animal kingdom—including, perhaps, 
some rather apocryphal instances,—and combats Huxley’s state- 
ment + that, “ beyond the limited and temporary relations of 
the family, the Hobbesian war of each against all is the normal 
state of existence” among animals and primitive men. “ Life 
* Vol. xxviii, Sept. and Nov., 1890, pp. 337-354, 699-719. 
+ Nineteenth Century, Feb., 1888, p. 165. “ Collected Essays,” vol. ix., 
p. 204. 
