IMPULSE, INTEREST, AND EMOTION 247 
parts concerned in overt behaviour. But, associated with 
emotional states, there are also certain motor reactions, which 
we speak of as their “‘ expression ”—so carefully discussed and 
elucidated by Darwin,—and these unquestionably contribute 
data to consciousness which coalesce with those afforded by 
the visceral and vascular elements. The whole is commonly 
suffused with feeling-tone, and the object which excites the 
emotion is a centre of pleasurable or painful interest. Repre- 
sentative elements, as experience develops, crowd into the 
conscious situation and render it more complex. And in 
addition to all this, there is, apart from the motor expression, 
the strenuous behaviour of flight or attack, or other mode of 
vigorous procedure which we commonly speak of as the 
outcome of the emotional state. The conscious situation, in 
the case of an enraged or scared animal actually behaving as 
such, is thus exceedingly complex. And it should be under- 
stood that in urging the importance of vascular and visceral 
elements, this complexity is nowise denied. What is suggested 
is that these elements are essential, and that they serve to 
characterize the distinctively emotional factor in the situation, 
that in any case they heighten the conative tendency. 
Sufficient has now been said to indicate—but scarcely more 
than indicate—the importance of feeling-tone, interest, and 
emotion in determining the nature, character, and effective 
energy of the conscious situations which arise in the course 
of animal behaviour. They largely influence, and in part 
direct, the course of the conative tendency. But they also 
occur as its sequel. In animal,as in human life, the successful 
attainment of the end towards which conation sets is highly 
pleasurable. The equilibrium that is reached after instability, 
though it marks the close of present endeavour, leaves after- 
effects in consciousness in a sense of satisfaction which enters 
re-presentatively into later situations and helps to further 
more strenuous endeavour. 
