272 THE FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS 
round others, through narrow passages and into a fold—all 
within a certain time limit. At such a competition success 
depends on two things: first, the training of the dog to re- 
spond at once to some six or eight whistle-signals, often 
accompanied by gestures and movements of a stick; and 
secondly, the judgment of the shepherd. The signals, given 
in different whistle-tones and inflections, have for the dog 
meaning, such as drive straight on, from this side, from that, 
stop, lie down, creep, and so forth. The dog’s whole business 
is to obey these signals. And the instant response of a well- 
trained dog is admirable. But in the whole proceeding he is 
merely the executant of his master’s orders. He originates no 
important step. And if you listen to the criticisms by other 
shepherds during a competition you will find that they are 
mainly passed on the judgment shown by the master, and 
only in palpable failures in obedience on the behaviour of the 
dog. The intelligent animal is what he is trained to be—one 
whose natural powers are under the complete control of his 
master with whom the whole plan of action lies. 
Since, then, in the cognitional field we find no independent 
evidence of the higher processes, we are bound, in accordance 
with our canon, to interpret emotional situations on similar 
principles, unless we find in them outstanding facts which can- 
not be explained in this way. 
In considering the pairing situation we urged that the 
framing of an ideal of beauty to which a given suitor ap- 
proaches, or from which he falls short, is unnecessary for the 
interpretation of the facts. We should not in strictness, there- 
fore, speak of ‘‘an appreciation of beauty ” or “a taste for the 
beautiful” in birds, since such expressions almost inevitably 
imply that these creatures have reached some conception of 
beauty as distinguished from and contrasted with ugliness. At 
the same time the hen certainly appears to enjoy the situation 
of which the plumed cock, attitudinizing thus, forms the centre 
of interest—through which he acquires meaning. Although, 
therefore, there is probably no ideal or standard of beauty, 
there are afforded the data in experience from which, were the 
