292 THE FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS 
and so forth ; Professor Lange attributes them to vaso-motor 
effects. The problem is a difficult one, and hard to determine 
by experiment ; for we have to deal with a matter of primary 
genesis, of how they are at the outset introduced into the 
conscious situation. Experiments on animals which have 
already gained emotional experience cannot decide the ques- 
tion of genesis. Professor Sherrington, for example, has 
shown * that, after severance of the spinal cord in the lower 
region of the neck, and of the vagus nerves, by which “a 
huge field of vascular, visceral, cutaneous, and motor re- 
action” were “deprived of all connection with the nervous 
centre necessary to conscious response,” “the emotional states 
of anger, delight at being caressed, fear and disgust were 
developed with, as far as could be seen, unlessened strength.” 
But the avenues of connection were closed after the motor and 
visceral effects had played their parts in the genesis of the 
emotion on the hypothesis that the emotion is thus generated. 
Although new presentative data of this type were thus excluded, 
their re-presentative after-effects in the situation were not ex- 
cluded. It is, moreover, an essential part of Professor James’s 
doctrine, as I provisionally accept it, that the ‘ expression ” and 
the visceral and vascular efforts are independent results of stimu- 
lation in certain ways, and that these independent results are 
conjoined through natural selection. Suppose we sever the 
connection through which the one takes effect, there is no 
reason to expect that the manifestation of the other would 
cease. Professor Sherrington cut off the channels of com- 
munication with the visceral and vascular apparatus: if the 
channels of expression remained open there is no reason why 
such expression should cease. 
We need not, however, for our present purpose, attempt to 
ascertain how the distinctively emotional characteristics arise. 
It is sufficient that they are presumably present in the situa- 
tion. Now, as Dr. Stout well points out,t the emotions 
* “Experiments on the Value of Vascular and Visceral Factors for 
the Genesis of Emotion,” Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. Ixvi., pp. 390-403 (1900), 
+ “Manual of Psychology,” p. 288. 
