ii.] " EED AND BLUE ON CATERPILLARS. 65 



out of the sixty-six species of butterflies being of this 

 colour), only a single spiny species is thus coloured. 



Now, let us look at these numbers under a different 

 aspect. Out of sixty-six species, ten are black : and, as 

 we have already seen, all these are spiny or hairy. The 

 larva of Parnassius apollo — a species reputed to have 

 been taken in this country — is stated to be black, and 

 is not hairy or spiny ; but, as it has red spots and blue 

 tubercles, and the neck is furnished with a yellow forked 

 appendage, it is probably sufficiently protected. The 

 larva of Papilio machaon is also marked with black, and 

 provided with strongly-scented tentacles, which probably 

 serve as a protection. 



Again, there are sixteen brown species, and of these, 

 seven are hairy or spiny. 



Eed and blue are rare colours among caterpillars. 

 Omitting minute dots, we have six species, more or less 

 marked with red or orange, viz., A. aglaia, V. antiopa, 

 N. lucina, C. alsus, P. cratcegi, and P. machaon. Of 

 these, two are spiny, two hairy, and one protected by 

 scent-emitting tentacles. The orange medio-dorsal line 

 of C. alsus is not very conspicuous, and has been 

 omitted in some descriptions. Blue is even rarer than 

 red ; in fact, none of our butterfly larvae can be said 

 to exhibit this colour. 



Now, let us turn to the moths. Of these caterpillars, 

 the Sphingidce, Cocliopidce, Procridce, Zygcenidce, 

 NolidcB, LithosiidcB, Euchelidw, Chelonidce, Liparidcs, 

 Bomhycidce, Drepanulce, and Pseudo-Bombyces are tabu- 

 lated — these groups comprising nearly all our larger 

 species. The Hepialidce, Zeuzeridce, and Sesidce have 

 been omitted, because these larvae are all internal or 



