340 APPENDIX. 



tsh (and ch) in the other. Thus the English word breast 

 = susv, Kowrarega ; lyu-tyu, Gudang, and the Enghsh 

 outrigger float=sarima, Kowrarega; charima, Gudang, — ■ 

 which of these two forms is the older? Probahly the 

 Gudang, or the form in ty. If so, the series of changes is 

 remarkable, and by attending to it we may see how sounds 

 previously non-existent may become evolved. 



Thus — let the original form for hreast be tutu. The first 

 change which takes place is the insertion of the sound of 

 y, making tyu-tyu ; upon the same principle which makes 

 certain Englishmen say gyarden, kyind, and skyey, for 

 garden, kind, and sky. The next change is for ty to be- 

 come tsk. This we find also in English, where picture or 

 pictyoor is pronounced/^icfoAwr, &c. This being the change 

 exhibited in the Gudang form tyutyu (pr. choochoo, or 

 nearly so), we have a remarkable phonetic phenomenon, 

 viz. the existence of a compound soimd (^tsh) wherein s is 

 an element, in a language where s, otherwise than as the 

 element of a compound, is wanting. In other words, we 

 have a sound formed out of s, but not s itself; or (changing 

 the expression still farther) we have s in certain combina- 

 tions, but not imcombined. Let, however, the change 

 proceed, and the initial sound of t be lost. In this case 

 tsh becomes sh. A further change reduces sh to s. 



When all this has taken place — and there are many 

 languages wherein the whole process is exhibited — the 

 sound of a hitherto unknown articulation becomes evolved 

 or developed by a natural process of growth, and that in a 

 language where it was previously wanting. The phenome- 

 non, then, of the evolution of new simple sounds should 

 caution tis against over-valuing phonetic differences. So 

 should such facts as that of the closely alhed dialects of 

 the Gudang and Kowrarega differing from each other by 

 the absence or presence of so important a sound as that 

 of*. 



