362 COELENTERATA ANTHOZOA chap. 



obtained no less than 2|- feet in length. P. murrayi and P. 

 naresi are species of the genus found at depths of a few hundred 

 fathoms in tropical seas. 



The genus Virgularia, belonging to the family Virgulariidae, 

 is represented in the British seas by V. mirabilis, a long slender 

 Sea-pen found in many localities off the Scottish coasts. 



Sect. 2. Spicatae. — This section includes those Sea-pens in 

 which the autozooids are arranged bilaterally on the axial zooid 

 in rows or more irregularly, but do not unite to form leaves. It 

 is a large section and contains many widely divergent genera. 



The family Funiculinidae is represented on our coasts by 

 Funiculina quadrangularis, a long and slender Sea-pen 2 to 3 

 feet in length. The autozooids are arranged in oblique rows, 

 and the siphonozooids are on the ventral side of the rachis. 

 There is one point of special interest in this genus. The 

 siphonozooids appear to change as the colony grows and to 

 become autozooids. If this is the case it may be more correct to 

 describe the genus as devoid of true siphonozooids. 



The family Anthoptilidae contains the species Anihoptilum 

 grandiflorum, which has a wide distrib^^tion in depths of 130 to 

 500 fathoms in the N. and S. Atlantic Ocean. It is perhaps the 

 largest of all the Pennatulacea, specimens having been obtained 

 from the Cape of Good Hope over 4 feet long with expanded 

 autozooids, each more than half an inch in length. 



The family Kophobelemnonidae contains a number of forms 

 with remarkably large autozooids arranged in irregular rows on 

 the two sides of the rachis. The siphonozooids are numerous 

 and scattered, and their position is indicated by small papilliforni 

 calices on the coenenchym. The surface of these pens is usually 

 rough, owing to the presence of numerous coarse projecting 

 spicules. Kopliohelemnon occurs in the Mediterranean in deep 

 water, off the coasts of Ireland and Scotland, and in other regions. 



The family Umbellulidae contains some of the most remarkable 

 and interesting examples of the deep-sea fauna. The peduncle is 

 very long and the rachis stunted and expanded. The autozooids 

 are of great size, non-retractile, and arranged in a cluster or 

 rosette on the terminal rachis. There is a wide structural ranse 

 between the species. Some species have numerous large spicules, 

 others have none. In some species the^ siphonozooids have a 

 single pinnate or digitate tentacle, in others the siphonozooids 



