FOREST TREES. 15% 
It is of better quality than that of the White Elm, 
stronger, and more durable when exposed to the 
weather. The small trees are extensively used for 
the hubs of carriage and wagon wheels, not being 
liable to crack open in seasoning, and holding the 
spokes firmly. The proportion of sap-wood in the 
Red Elm is very small. Some have recommended its 
use for posts, but I have not found it durable when 
employed for that purpose. It lastsalong time when 
used for rails, but soon decays when in contact with 
the earth. On the whole, its timber is of sufficient 
value to justify its preservation and increase. 
5. Ulmus campestris—English Elm. 
Leaves, doubly serrate, rough; flowers, nearly 
sessile, four-cleft; fruit, oblong, deeply cloven, 
smooth. 
The English Elm is a large and long-lived tree. It 
was long since introduced, and trees of considerable 
size are to be met with in the Atlantic States. Mi- 
chaux ‘says that in his time there were Elms in 
France twenty-five or thirty feet in circumference, 
and eighty or ninety feet high. Meehan calls ita 
finer ornamental tree than the White Elm, but it is 
difficult to perceive in what respect it is so. Asa 
timber tree, it is doubtless of very extensive utility. 
Michaux speaks of it as one of the most useful trees 
in the mechanic arts on the Eastern Continent, and 
recommends its culture in the United States in pre- 
ference to any of the native Elms. The wood is said 
to be most valuable when grown in dry, strong, soils. 
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