FEOG 211 



and from above. Compare all of the other ver- 

 tebrae with the one just studied, noting especially 

 the first or atlas and the last or sacrum. Does 

 the former have a spinous process ? Transverse 

 processes ? Anterior articular processes ? Poste- 

 rior ? Note the large space left between the roof 

 of the neural arch and the base of the skull. 

 Look for the projection, the odontoid, process, 

 on the centrum of the atlas. What is its shape ? 

 With what does it connect? Draw the atlas. 

 What modification has taken place in the trans- 

 verse processes of the sacrum ? To what are they 

 attached? Draw the sacrum. Examine two adja- 

 cent vertebrae, and note how the articular proc- 

 esses of the one move upon the articular proc- 

 esses of the other. Examine an entire vertebral 

 column, and note the row of openings, the inter, 

 vertebral foramina, on each side of the verte- 

 bral column, immediately below the articular 

 processes. How are these openings formed ? 

 Compare these with the foramina found on the 

 urostyle. Have you any evidence that the uro- 

 style is made of more than one piece ? Is the 

 segmental portion of the vertebral column of a 

 living or of a recently killed frog very flexible ? 

 If so, in which direction does it bend ? 



The skuU. — What is its shape as seen from above ? 

 From below? From the side ? Notice the large 

 eye-socket on each side of the cranium. Back 

 of each eye-socket find a tubular portion, the 

 auditory capsule. What is its position with re- 

 lation to the cranium ? To the tympanum ? At 

 the anterior end of the cranium find on each side 



