184 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 



++++++++++ Akenes incurved or hoat-skaped, rough-tubercled on tfie back ; nopap^ 

 pus : rays numerous in more than one row : flowers all yellow or orange, 



48. CALENDULA. Heads showy, solitafy terminating the branches, with the very 



numerous rays pistillate and fertile, expanding in sunshine or bright daylight; 

 the disk-flowers sometimes few in the centre .and sterile. Involucre of nu- 

 merous short green scales. Receptacle flat. Akenes all that mature belong- 

 ing to the ray-flowers, strongly incuiTed, some of them even horse-shoe- 

 shaped, or coiled into a ring, and (especially the outer ones) with thickened 

 margins. 



s- ^- .4 chaff on the receptacle behind each flower. 

 ++ Only ike ray-flowers fertile or maturing their akenes ; tliose of the disk, even if 

 apparently perfect^ always sterile: floioers all yellow. Coarse tall herbs. 



49. POLYMNIA. Heads rather small or middle-sized, with about 5 leaf-like scales 



to the involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or several ray- 

 flowers producing turgid obovate or partly triangular akenes with no pappus. 

 Herbage clammy-pubescent and rather strong-scented: all but the upper- 

 most leaves opposite, and their petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at 

 the clasping base. 

 BO. SILPHIUM. Heads mostly large, with numerous somewhat leafy-tipped or 



freen scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, nnmerous ray- 

 owers producing very broad and flat akenes (parallel with the scales of the 

 involucre), which have commonly a wing-like margin and 2 teeth or a notch 

 at the top. Juice resinous. 

 ■^ ■*-*• Dislc-flowe7^s perfect a-nd fertile, those of the ray pistillate and fertile or neutral. 



a. Akenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre and chaff of the recep- 



tacle, or in 53 sometimes very slender. Leaves generally opposite .• involucre 

 double, the outer mostly leaf-like, the inner of erect scales. 



51. DAHLIA. Rays in the natural flowers neutral or in the common species more 



or less pistillate, but in the gardens most or all of the flowers are changed into 

 rays. Inner involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Aken^d 

 oblong, obscurely 2-horned or notched at the apex. 



52. COREOPSIS. Rays usually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base. 



Involucre commonly of about 8 outer loose or leaf-like scales and as many 

 erect inner ones. Chaff' slender, deciduous with the flat akenes, which have 

 mostly a pappus of 2 teeth or srnns, the latter not barbed downwards. 

 63. BIDENS. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slender or 

 needle-shaped akenes ; all bear 2 or more rigicl persistent awns, which are 

 barbed downwards! 



b. Akenes flattened if at all contrary to the scales of the involucre and the chaff of 



the receptacle, having the latter usually embracing or folded round their outer 

 margin. 



•=■ Rays deciduous after flowering, yellow, sometimes brown-purple at base in 60, 61, 

 or white in one of 1,6. Leaves either opposite or alternate in same aenus. in 

 54-66. , J > 



84. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, few or several. Involucre of several nearly 

 e^ual scales. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes flat, oval, wing-mar- 

 gmed: pappus of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves simple, serrate, pften 

 decurrent into wings on the stem. 



65. VERBESINA. Rays few (in ours 1-5), pistiUate. Involucre of few erect 

 scales. Receptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless: pappus of 



ca v-T,P,?x?^^o°r".' '''^"^- Leaves simple, decurrent into wings on the stem. 



B8. AlMliNbSIA. Rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre spreading. 

 Receptacle flattjsh or convex. Akenes of the rav wrinkled and wingless: 

 those of the disk flat and wing-margined, with two slender awns united to 

 the wmg. Leaves mostly with winged petioles which are dilated aud clasp- 

 mg at the base. "^ 



67. HELTANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre im- 



bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flattish, more or less 4-anEled 

 or lenticular, marginless: pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with 

 the outer and inner angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute inter- 

 mediate ones, all deciduous from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, p. 130 fie 293 ) 

 Lesivos simple, entire or sen-ate: stems not winged. 



68. HELIOPSIS. Rays 10 or more, pistiUate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 



rows, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-aneled 

 somewhat cubical: no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed 



