282 BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 



in. APETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders with 

 flowers destitute of coi-oUa ; some are destitute of calyx also. 



90. ARISTOLOCHICAE^, BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 

 Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous ovules 

 and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part of the calyx 

 is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the stamens generally 6 or 

 12. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull-colored, 

 valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart-shaped, not 

 serrate.- Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly large. Bitter, tonic 

 or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 



1. ASAKUM. Low stemless herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a 



flower at the end of a creeping ai*omatic rootstock, the flowers therefore 

 close to the gi-ound. Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, dis- 

 tinct, borne on the apex of the ovary or the base of the stout style, usually 

 pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, thickish, in a rather fleshy and 

 irregularly bursting pod. 



2. ARISTOLOCHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular 



variously irregular, often curved. Filaments none : anthers adherent directly 

 and by then: whole inner face to the outside of the 8-64obed stigma. Seeiu 

 very flat, in a dry 6-valved pod. 



1. ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, of 

 obscure derivation. ) On hillsides in rich woods : fl. spring. 11 



§ 1. Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers : style 1, thichj hearing 

 6 thick stigmas : leaves a single pair tvith a^peduncle between them. 



A. Canad^nse, Canada Wild Ginger, sometimes called Snakekoot. 

 Common N. : soft-pubescent ; leaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, not 

 evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped but cleft down to the adherent oVary, brown- 

 purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed. 



§ 2. Filaments short or almost none ; anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, each 2-cleft, 

 bearing the stigma below the clefi : leaves thick and evergreen, smooth, often 

 mottled, usitaliy only one each year : rootstocks in a close cluster. 



A. Virginicum, Vikginia W. Along the AUeghanies S. : leaves small, 

 rounded heart-shaped ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with a somewhat narrowed 

 throat and broad short lobes, the base coherent only with base of the ovary. 



A. arifblium, from Virginia S., has larger somewhat halberd-snaped 

 leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx. 



2. ARISTOLOCHIA, BIRTHWORT. (Ancient name, from medicinal 

 properties.) Cells of the anthers in our species 4 in a horizontal row under 

 each of the 3 lobes of the stigma, i. e. two contiguous 2-celled anthers in each 

 set, or 6 in all. Flowers in and above the axils. 



A. Serpenttoia, Vikginia Snakeeoot (used in medicine). Rich woods, 

 chiefly in Middle States and S. : low downy herb ; stems clustered about 1° 

 high ; leaves ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, sometimes halberd-form, acute ; 

 flowers all next the root, cni-ved like the letter S, contracted in the middle and 

 at the throat, in summer. 21 



A. Slpho, Pipe- Vine, DuTcnMAN's Pipe (from the shape of the curved 

 calyx). Rich woods from Penn. along the mountains S. and planted for arbors : 

 very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the rounded heart-shaped leaves 

 often downy beneath, these becoming 8' - 1 2' broad ; peduncles with a clasping 

 bract, drooping; calyx I^' long, inflated above the ovary, narrowing above, 

 contiacted at the throat, the flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobed : 

 fl. late spring. 



A. tomeutbBa. Common S. : a more slender woody climber, with smaller 

 rounder and very veiny downy leaves, and yellowish flower with an oblique 

 almost closed brownish orifice, the border reflexed ; fl. late spring or summer. 



