430 FAij.\i:K.'ii. 



THE CHESTNUTS. Gkxus CASTAXEA Alams. 



TiTcs anil slirulis of llie uorllirrii lii'iiiisiilipn', with asti'iu^rut w.itci'y juife. eilililc nuts 

 ami \ry\ ]iuroiis \\-(I(m1 anil nf ^rrnl rrnninnir \aliit'. I'mir nr li\r spnirs arr l^nll\^■ll and of 

 these two are trees of eastern T'niled States anil one a sliriih of Ihi' s:jnthi'iai stairs. 



I.nircx eollViilule in tlir liuil, oxale lo ol ilo i l';-lanrriila I r. ro:li--rly si-lTale anil watli sl|■ai^'llt 



veins leniiliial inu- in llie Iretli. FIniri r^ a [ipea fin,^ al'li'r tlir le.'nes. iiionoM-iinis ; tin' slaniinate 

 in iiilei'iai|ili'il I'lTrt a\illai-\ anirnls. scNeral llowers lounlii'i' in tin' a.vils of small railileolis 

 hi'arls; ral\x r;i iiipaniila le. pal.' xi'llow, piilirrn Ions, with li lohi-s iinlii'ieateil in llip liiiil; 

 siami'iis HI-:.!!!, willi loii?;- exsi'Mi'il lilifoim lilaiiirnls ami small .m'IIow aiitlirrs, pistillali' tlowrrs 

 niostl\' al llie liasi's of Ihe npiiei- st;iiiiinali' ( amlro,^\ nous l aini'iils. >e-sile. anil nsnall\' H m- .'-; 

 timeilier, sui-vouiiileil witli ail iii\iiluiae of many anile .^ri'i'ii hraols; ral\x iirn--lia peil anil 

 witli !' miiiille slrrile staaienS; o\ai'y li-rel lei I. Willi !) spii'ailiim W'liile linear si vies anil li 

 o\iilrs ill rail]. /■'rail imiiniini;' in aiitnmn. mils 1-;: p.-ri jiii'. wiili a uloliose mosilv -l-\al\"ed 

 \\ood,\ Imrr-like iiix'olmai'. \'i'rv ])t'ii'kly with siiff liinmliiie;' s[iim's oiilside and \-elveiv pnheseeiit 

 iiisjilr; mil llaileiii'd liy imiiual roniiiression, sliorl. o\oiil, poiiiird and tipiied willi llio leinnants 

 of llir sl,\lr. w'ilh rlii',,1 iiiii-hniw II I'or lai I'ons slioll, lustrous lirlow. pnlii'si-enl alioM' and wiih 

 lari;i' palo ^oar al l);isi'; seed solil.iry Iiy al'oi-lion and marked b\ llie abortive ei\nles al ajiex, 

 lari;i'. slaroliy and of di'Iii-ioiis tla\"or. 



i'aslanni is tlie rlassieal mime of (lie ( diesl iinl-t ne. 



KKY TO 'ITIi: SPECIES. 



Nuts 2-" in an involiii're, emnpressi'd : ii'a\es ^ri'en and ulalirous holli sides. ... C. dentata. 



Xiits solitary, not eompressed : leases jialo tomenlosi' liem-atti C, piiiuila. 



l',,r .s'/ierie.s' srr pji. l.;',-l.n. 



THE OAKS. Gi:xus OL'I'.RCl'S T.. 



Trees and slii'ulis of nearly IIIHI siieeies of the noitli temiii'rate i'eL;ions and lii.uh altitudes 

 of till' trollies. Eroin its ri'pri'si'ntatives rome some of our best bard wuoils, barks extensively 

 used for tanninii' imi'iiosps and tin- rorks ed' roiumi'ri'e. ^Idie aeorns of many speiies are an 

 iniiiortatit artirle of food for Imus. tie., and in sonn' rouiitries also for man. ( tak-,i;alls of 

 eoinnii'rei' dexolop em tin;' bramln'S of i-ertain s|ieeies and nniiiy dyrs and otlier inodni'ts niay 

 also be rei'oi-di'il arnouK tin' iiioduets of tlie i;euns. About fifty ( laks aie natives of tlie riiiteil 

 States and more tliaii lialf of tliese are found in tlie -Vtlanlio stains. 



Lr(irr\ drridiioiw i.ir iinrsist-'ii t. arraimi'd in \\\r ranks. )nniiaii'l\" \eined and oflen pinnati'ly 

 lobed. somrlimes cnlirc and somntimi's \':iriabli' on llie sami' liratn-b; sti[iiiles sreaious and 

 eadnoous or in-i-asiomilly iioi'sist "iil . I'linr(rs aiipeariiis ^^itll or before tbe ba\-i's: ibe 

 staminali' in cluslnrrd sfi'inli:'!' droo])iim- catkins, from axils of tlm li'a\i'S or bud-srales of the 

 pre\-ious year or leaves of the present yi'ar. a slimir Ilownr in tin axil of e;n'li railueous scale of 

 the anient ■. c;ilyx y.'l]o\\-isli urecu. ca mpa nil la 1 c. ilni'|ily (i-liiln'il ; stamens 4-l"J. \\']\]\ tiliforin 

 I'xscrled ribiineiits and yellow anllicis: pi^iillate Howrrs solitary or in few-llow ci'eil spikes 

 fi'oin llie axils of till' leaves of llie year, eacli llowcr snbiemlcd by a caducous bract and two 

 tiracllcts; calyx it rn-sliai:eil. witli tube adnate to the o\;iry. and limb ol' !i sliorl lobes; o\-ai\ 

 imisfly :i-c('||nd with - ovnh's in eacll cell and I! slioi't or cloimalnd sl.\les. each llowcr ecail\ 

 I'liM-loiicd b\- a seal) ijiibrici I cd accrescent iin-olnci'e. l-'ruil and o\-oid-oblons;- or ^iili;.;liiliii^e 

 l-cclled mil lacornl maluriim in 1 or L! >n;ii-s, wiih coriaceous sli.'ll ha\in,^' lar,iie cii-ciilar scar 



at base. I'e.ch nut snblimled or nior • le^s eii\eloped in a wiicd\ cup of iinbriialed and mcie 



'.ir le ^s united >.cah's; s I solilar,\ and licarinu alioitixe i)\iilcs at base or apex: eol_\ leiloiis 



usually |)la lio-con \ ex and entire. 



(^ftlrrins is tile ancient J^atin name of tlie OtiL-tnt. 



KEY T(i Tin: sT]':('ii':s. 



a Acorns inaliirins in autuinti of the scond \ ea r ; shelbi hair\ inside; abortive ovules at 

 a|iex; slalneiis d-!i; st \ les eloii^a led ; lea\es or llieir lolics brisi In- 1 i|i|ied, deciduous 

 ( Uhirl: Oe/cv I 

 b Lea-.es pinnabdy lolied. eoUMibite in the bud and 



C I Jrcell lioth sides ; CUji of .'leoril 



d Sallci'I'-sliapeil, shallow and wide; cups 



o 'Is-l in. wide, rather thick and not 'e than i, invi'stiliLT the acorns; leaves 



Dull ^rieii abo\e auiMobes XV idcM al base Q. rubra. 



laisl rolls urei'ii. lobes wide a 1 apex Q. Texaiia. 



e' "s--',s in, wide, thin; leaves Insti-ons willi lol es spreadiim- and i\iile towaiils ajiex ; 



acorii short -;;lobose Q. palustris. 



d"- Turliinale with 



e Small cloely a|i|iri'SM'il scales 



e ,\,oi'ii elliptical ; cup 1,-1 , ill. v\ ii'o, le-nc ; luslrous Q. ellipsoidalis. 



f- .\corii o\oiii; cutis mo.uly i than ij bi. wide; leaves dull urcen and 



