KINDS OF STEMS. 13 



1. KINDS OF STEMS IN REFERENCE TO THE MEDIUM. 



The stem may exist either exposed to the air, as in the 

 Mume and Sakura (Fig. 2), or buried in the soil, as in the 

 Satoimo (Golocasia antiquorum) (Fig. 13) and Ayame 

 (Iris sibirica), or submersed in water, as in the 

 Sasamo (Potamogeton oxyphyllus) and Hishi (Fig. 8). 

 That which exists exposed to the air is called the Aerial 

 Stem; tbat which exists buried in the soil, the Subter- 

 ranean Stem ; and that which exists submersed in water, 

 the Aquatic Stem. 



T7- _ f Aerial Stem. 



Kinds of stems in eeference „ _ 



i Subterranean Stem. 

 TO THE MEDIUM / ,. _ 



[ Aquatic Stem. 



The aerial stem may be either Herbaceous, as in the 

 Asagao (Fig. 9) and Nadzuna (Fig. 5), or Woody, as in the 

 Mume and Sakura (Fig. 2). Plants having herbaceous 

 stems are called Herbs, and those having well developed 

 woody stems Trees. Trees are all perennial, but herbs are 

 very various, being annual, biennial, or sometimes peren- 

 nial. In trees both roots and stems are perennial, while in 

 perennial herbs the underground portions only survive, all 

 the parts above ground usually dying after once fruiting. 



. f Herbaceous Stem. 



Aebial STEM^ „ , „, 



( Woody Stem. 



Among herbaceous stems, some can raise, themselves up 

 without any support, as in the Ine (Oryza sativa) (Fig. 10) 

 and Nadzuna (Fig. 5), while others can only raise them- 

 selves up by means of supports, as in the Asagao (Fig. 9) 

 and Shiode (Smilax herbacea) (Fig. 52) ; the former are 

 called Independent Herbaceous Stems, and the latter De- 

 pendent or Climbing Herbaceous Stems. 



