100 



HISTOLOGICAL BOTANY. 



perforated at their apex, and appear as two concentric 

 circles when seen in front view ; and others of transversely 

 elongated canals closely arranged and appear like the rounds 

 of a ladder. 



Fig. 112. Fig. 113. Fig. 114. 



Q O 



" O O 



o o 

 o 



O 



° o 

 o ° 

 o o 

 o 

 o 



o 



o 



o o 



o o o 



o o 



o 



o o _ 



Fig. 112.— Pitted cells Fig. 113.— Cell with Fig. 114.— Cell with 

 from the root of the bordered pits from the scalarif orm marking from 



Tenjikubotan stem of the Kuromatsu the rhizome of the 



(Dahlia variabilis). (Firms Thunbergii). Warabi 



(Pteris aquilina). 



The markings of the first kind are known as Pits (Fig- 

 112) ; those of the second kind as Bordered Pits (Fig. 113) ; 

 and those of the last as" Scalarif orm Markings (Fig. 114). 



Markings bestjlting from canals 

 opening only at onje end 



Pits. 



Bordered Pits. 

 Scalariform Markings. 



Among the markings resulting from prominences on the 

 inside of the cell-wall, some consist of rings extending 

 around the internal surface ; some of spirals ; and others of 

 bands united into a network. The markings of the first 

 kind are said to be Annular (Fig. 115) ; those of the second 

 kind, Spiral (Fig. 116) ; and those of the last, Reticulated 

 (Fig. 117). 



