NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION 
military character of the early settlers, to which refer- 
ence has already been made. 
Among the first inhabitants of York were many 
half-pay officers of both the army and navy, including 
several surgeons. The social predominance which 
naturally fell to their share led to a political leader- 
ship that culminated in the “family compact.” By 
one of the little ironies of history the seat of this 
cabal was the “Grange,” afterwards the home of 
Professor Goldwin Smith. It was built by Mr. 
D’Arcy Boulton, in the outskirts of the town. Dr. 
Smith was fond of telling how Justice Boulton’s two 
carriage horses, Bonaparte and Jefferson, had once 
attacked a bear in their pasture before the ‘“‘ Grange.” 
The house stands in beautiful grounds at the head of 
John Street and was bequeathed with Professor 
Smith’s collection of historical portraits to the city. 
The military governors—Sir Peregrine Maitland, 
who had eloped with the daughter of the Duke of 
Richmond after the famous Waterloo ball, and Sir 
John Colborne, who founded Upper Canada College 
in 1829—were both supporters of the oligarchy. But 
it was Sir Francis Head, “ the tried reformer,” under 
whose rule the discontent of the reformers led by 
1837 William Lyon Mackenzie came to an outbreak. 
Toronto, which had resumed its old name on its 
1834 incorporation as a city three years before, again 
approved its loyalty, and the rising was put down. 
1839 But the defeat of the reformers was to result in the 
triumph of reform. The Earl of Durham, who suc- 
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