GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION 
The leaves and wood belong to more than thirty 
species, which include Asimina triloba, Carya alba, 
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Crataegus punctata, 
Juniperus virginiana, Maclura aurantiaca, Platanus 
occidentalis, Prunus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Taxus 
canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia americana, and 
several species of ash, poplar, oak and elm, and two 
extinct species of maple. The whole assemblage of 
trees indicates a climate decidedly warmer than 
Toronto at present, about like that of Ohio or Penn- 
sylvania. 
The section at Scarborough Heights, some miles 
east of Toronto on the shore of Lake Ontario, 
includes 36 feet of sandy beds with unios and wood 
beneath the water level, 90 feet of peaty stratified 
clay, and 55 or 60 feet of stratified sand. The peaty 
clay encloses a little wood, fragments of leaves, 
mosses and seventy-two species of beetles, of which 
only two still live. The stratified sand contains 
wood and a few small shells. The fossils are con- 
sidered to indicate a climate somewhat cooler than 
the present, like that of Lake Superior, for example. 
The Scarborough beds are evidently delta deposits 
laid down in a lake rising 150 feet higher than Lake 
Ontario. Later the lake was drained and valleys 
were cut in the delta by rivers, as may be seen at a 
striking bit of cliff architecture called the “ Dutch 
Church.” This is carved by rain and stream ero- 
sion from boulder clay which filled the old valley 
during the second ice advance. 
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