GEOLOGY OF THE TORONTO REGION 
up shale, limestone and Archaean rocks. These rich 
but somewhat heavy soils make the basis of the agri- 
culture of southern Ontario, which is still the most 
productive province of Canada. The old lake bot- 
toms of Iroquois and Algonquin origin afford also 
a great variety of soils of a somewhat different kind, 
mostly derived from the glacial deposits of their 
shores either by the action of waves or of rivers 
entering and forming deltas. Where the waves have 
eaten into promontories of boulder clay the enclosed 
boulders are sometimes left in the fields in hopeless 
numbers, but usually the lake-formed soils are free 
from stones. They range from the gravels of ancient 
bars, where the soil is thin and too well drained, 
into sandy slopes of very light soil, which merge 
lower down into sandy loam, and finally in the flatter 
parts form wide stretches of rich silty alluvium. 
The soils due to lake action have proved themselves 
excellently adapted for fruit growing, especially the 
sandy loams, so that the band of Iroquois deposits 
round Lake Ontario is largely covered with orchards 
and vineyards. There is probably no part of North 
America more favorable to mixed farming and fruit 
growing than the part of Ontario south of the 
Archaean region. 
GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS NEAR 
TORONTO. 
A number of excursions have been planned for 
the members of the Geological Congress in and near 
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