LIFE ZONES 
(Erigenia bulbosa); purple milkweed (Asclepias 
purpurascens); green milkweed (Acerates flori- 
dana); ground pink (Phlox subulata); waterleaf 
(Hydrophyllum appendiculatum) ; bluebells (Mer- 
tensia virginica) ; puccoon (Lithospernum gmelini) ; 
basil (Pycnanthemum flexuosum); ground cherry 
(Physalis virginiana); purple foxglove (Gerardia 
purpurea); tall bluebell (Campanula americana) ; 
blazing star (Lnatris cylindracea). 
The Carolinian Area corresponds to the Lacus- 
trine Area, Alleghanian-Ozark District of Die Vege- 
tation der Erde of Engler and Drude. It lies within 
the Broad-leaved Summer Forest of Schimper; the 
Deciduous Dicotylous Forest of Warming; the Chest- 
nut Zone of Mayr. 
In approaching Toronto from Montreal one passes 
through the Alleghanian Area of the Transition Zone 
of Merriam. The northern boundary of the area is 
approximately formed by a line drawn from Ottawa 
to the southern portion of Georgian Bay. ‘The area 
represents a transitional region from the prevailing 
needle-leaved forests of the north to the prevailing 
broad-leaved forests of the south, and its forests are 
consequently of mixed composition. Over the greater 
part of the area, however, the needle-leaved forests, 
and the broad-leaved forests occupy distinct sites. 
The needle-leaved forest, according to the situation 
in which it occurs, may be divided into two types; the 
white pine—red pine type and the coniferous swamp 
type. 
93 
