LIFE ZONES 
ginicum) ; cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) ; 
small cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus); pitcher 
plant (Sarracenia purpurea); manna grass (Gly- 
ceria canadensis) ; orchid (Habenaria hyperborea) ; 
and sphagnum moss. 
The broad-leaved forest occupies the deep glacial 
drift soils, which for the most part are gravelly or 
sandy loams. It is usually found on the higher 
slopes and ridges when these are well covered with 
soil, but it may occur on sandy flats when the water 
table is near the surface. At least one-half of the 
forest is composed of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), 
and about one-fourth consists of beech (Fagus grandt- 
flora). The other species in order of their abun- 
dance are: Basswood (Ttlia americana); yellow 
birch (Betula lutea) ; hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) ; 
hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana); elm (Ulmus 
americana) ; white ash (Fraxinus americana) ; bal- 
sam (Abies balsamea); black cherry (Prunus sero- 
tina) ; large-toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata). 
‘The names of some of the characteristic plants 
which may be found beneath the broad-leaved forest 
are given below: Prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynos- 
batt) ; witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) ; striped 
maple (Acer pennsylvanicum) ; round-leaved dog- 
wood (Cornus circinata) ; witch hobble (Viburnum 
alnifolium) ; wood fern (Aspidium spinulosum) ; 
wood rush (Luzula vernalis) ; yellow clintonia (Clin- 
tonia borealis); false Solomon’s seal (Smilacina 
racemosa); wild lily of the valley (Mianthemum 
95 
