NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION 
canadense) ; large flowered trillium (Trillium gran- 
diflorum); hepatica (Hepatica triloba); cohosh 
(Actaea rubra); false miterwort (Tiarella cordi- 
folia) ; bishop’s cap (Mitella diphylia) ; blue violet 
(Viola cucullata) ; black snakeroot (Sanicula mary- 
landica). 
A mixed broad-leaved—needle-leaved forest fre- 
quently occurs on the flats and bases of slopes along 
streams and lakes, and sometimes on low ridges ris- 
ing above the pure broad-leaved forest. Hemlock is 
the principal needle-leaved tree in these situations, 
and while it may occur in greater proportion, it 
usually forms about one-third of such stands. . Sugar 
maple and beech make up another third, while the 
remaining members are yellow birch, balsam, bass- 
wood, hop hornbeam, arbor vitae, black spruce and 
white ash, in order of their abundance. The herba- 
ceous flora does not differ essentially from that of 
the pure broad-leaved forest. 
Another mixed type is to be found in the drained 
swamps along the margins of slow-moving streams. 
In composition it is about one-third each of arbor 
vitae and black ash (Fraxinus nigra). The other 
third consists of balsam, hemlock, yellow birch, black 
spruce, maple, and elm. ‘The herbaceous flora is a 
mixture of that of the broad-leaved forest and that 
of the coniferous swamp. 
Along the railways from Montreal to Toronto 
forests of the types described above can be seen only 
in patches, for they have been chiefly supplanted by 
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