LIFE ZONES 
farms, to a less extent, however, along the Canadian 
Pacific than along the Grand Trunk Railway. Along 
the former, especially between Montreal and Have- 
lock, Ontario, one sees many illustrations of the pop- 
lar-birch type arising on burned areas, together with 
patches of the characteristic broad-leaf and coniferous 
forest types. Along the latter one sees only small 
remnants of the original maple-beech forests in the 
farm wood-lots, with frequent cedar swamps on the 
heavier, poorly-drained soils. 
The Alleghanian Area as described above corre- 
sponds to the Lake District of the St. Lawrence-Great 
Lakes Region of Engler and Drude. With reference 
to the other authors, they place it in the same classes 
as given above under the Carolinian Area. 
The Canadian Zone lying north of the Alleghan- 
ian Area, as shown on the accompanying map, has 
a forest in its southern portion similar to that of 
the Alleghanian Area, but as one goes northward the 
broad-leaf component becomes smaller and the needle- 
leaf component larger, as is shown by the greater 
abundance of balsam, white spruce, and black spruce. 
The white pine and red pine decrease in abundance. 
When the Hudson Bay drainage area is reached, 
sugar maple, beech, white ash, red oak will be found 
to have dropped out, and the forest becomes prevail- 
ingly coniferous, with black spruce forming the 
greater portion, sometimes two-thirds, of the stands. 
White spruce and balsam become minor species. The 
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