NATURAL HISTORY, TORONTO REGION 
Hormaphis hamamelidis, Fitch, and Hamamelistes 
spinosus,Shimer, are common on the witch hazel near 
the city. The former is a conoidal leaf gall, while 
the latter is a somewhat elliptical spiny structure 
originated from a flower bud. 
Pemphigus vagabundus, Walsh, is a very con- 
spicuous gall at all seasons of the year on cottonwood, 
Populus deltoides, Marsh. The leaf petioles of the 
same host are often twisted and enlarged by Pem- 
phigus populicaulis, Fitch. 
Colopha ulmicola, Cockscomb-elm gall, Fitch, is 
not uncommon. It deforms the leaves of the Ameri- 
can elm, Ulmus americana, L. 
Four species of Chermes affect the spruces of this 
region, namely, Chermes abietis, Chol., on Norway 
spruce (Picea abies, Karst) and Black spruce (Picea 
mariana, B.S.P.),and Chermes floccus, Patch, Chermes 
similis, Gill., Chermes pinifoliae, Fitch, on Black 
spruce. 
Order LEPIDOPTERA. 
These galls are produced almost invariably as a 
spindle-shaped swelling of the stem of the host. They 
are so conspicuous on account of their size that they 
often attract attention. 
Eucosma scudderiana, Clemens, on the golden- 
rods, Solidago canadensis, L., and Solidago serotina 
var. gigantea, Gray (seldom). This gall occurs high 
up on the stem of the host among the branches. The 
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