MAMMALS 
36. Black Bear. Ursus americanus americanus 
Pallas. Listed by Gapper in 1830, but probably not 
exterminated till much later. 
37. Red Fox. Vulpes fulva fulva (Desmarest). 
Still common. 
38. Grey Wolf. Canis lycaon Schreber. Gapper 
had seen only imperfect specimens, probably skins, 
in 1830, but, according to the late Dr. Brodie, wolves 
occasionally drove deer into Markham as late as 
1840. 
39. Wild Cat. Lynx ruffus ruffus (Guelden- 
staedt). One specimen taken at Scarboro was in 
the possession of the late Dr. Brodie, and I have 
seen others near Toronto, but it never was common. 
40. Canadian Lynx. Lynx canadensis canadensis 
Kerr. One recent record; has never been more than 
a migrant. 
41. Panther. Felis couguar Kerr. Accidental, 
one record. (“ Biological Review of Ontario,” 1894, 
pp. 18-23.) 
GENERAL REFERENCES. 
D. S. Jordan. Manual of the Vertebrates of the 
Northern United States. 1888. 
C. W. Nash. Vertebrates of Ontario. Toronto, 
1908. 
Stone and Cram. American Animals. Toronto, 
1902. 
211 
