CULTIVATION OF PERENNIALS, BIENNIALS, ETC. 99 
Drvipine THE Roors.—This may be done either with a 
knife, if the plant is small, or by a spade, if it is strong 
and large. The best time for doing it is when the tops 
are just beginning to grow after having been cut down. 
The roots may be divided in the spring, or (with some 
species) almost any time during the summer, after flower- 
ing. The month of August is a proper time for many 
kinds, as the divisions will become well rooted before 
winter, and be prepared to flower strongly the next year. 
Sucxers.—These may be taken up at any time when 
they appear, but the most usual time is when the plant is 
beginning to grow. 
SEED.—Sow, for the most part, in early spring, in light 
soil, and plant out in the following autumn in the situa- 
tions where they are to flower. Many of the fine double 
and other varieties never produce seed. 
Layers anp Currines.—Thrifty, succulent shoots, if 
partly cut through, and pegged down, and covered with 
earth, will take root, as is the case with the Pinks and 
Carnations. Cuttings of many plants will take root, with 
proper care. 
Som.—Different species of plants require rather differ- 
ent kinds of soil; but a light, rich loam, will suit the 
greater number. 
TEMPERATURE. — Hardy, half-hardy, and green-house 
plants require similar care, but they differ as to the amount 
of protection or quantity of heat they need. 
ANNUALS, 
The plants generally known as annuals, are raised from 
the seed, perfect their flowers, mature their seed the same 
season, and then perish. There are some flowers, how- 
ever, cultivated as annuals, that are such only in a north- 
ern cliniate, being in their own more congenial region pe- 
