SEASONAL BEHAVIOR OF RAIN-FOREST VEGETATION. 53 



to be from five to seven months old at fall. In other constantly grow- 

 ing forms the leaves apparently range from seven to twelve months 

 in duration. 



In the trees which have a marked vernal growth leaf-fall is contin- 

 uous throughout the year in one, Cyrilla racemiflora, and is gradual 

 throughout the summer in Myrica microcarpa, Turpinia occidentalis, 

 and Gilibertia arborea. In Vaccinium meridonale the leaf-fall follows 

 immediately upon the reaching of mature size by the leaves of the next 

 succeeding spring, and proceeds rapidly so as to be complete by the end 

 of April. Yet on the flowering shoots, where new shoots and leaves 

 are not formed, the old leaves persist, so that we have leaves of the 

 year and leaves of the preceding year functioning side by side. In 

 Podocarpus urbanii the leaves of the previous year frequently persist 

 on certain shoots, although they rarely remain until the third year. 

 With the exception, then of Vaccinium and Podocarpus — not to men- 

 tion the scale-leaved Juniperus barbadensis and Baccharis scoparia — 

 there are no trees in the Blue Mountains on which the leaves persist for 

 much more than twelve months. Among the shrubs the species of 

 Wallenia are the only forms with leaves of more than one year's per- 

 sistence, but I am unable to state their length of life. 



The species which bloom during July and August are the following: 



Weinmannia pinnata. Eugenia biflora var. wallenii. 



Brunellia comocladifolia. Sciadophyllum brownei. 



Guarea swartzii. Lyonia jamaicensis. 



Mettenia globosa. Turpinia occidentalis. 

 Cyrilla racemiflora. 



The forms flowering from October to December are : 



Nectandra patens. Palicourea crocea. 



Miconia rubens. Citharexylum caudatum, 



Clethra occidentalis. Baccharis scoparia. 

 Rapanea ferruginea. 



In connection with the behavior of the native winter-deciduous 

 species I have been interested to observe the periodic activities of 

 several north temperate trees planted in the grounds at Cinchona. In 

 the European Quercus robur definite resting buds are formed in the 

 late summer but the leaves are not shed during the autumn — are indeed 

 persistent in part until the following May. The resting buds swell 

 during December and January and new shoots may be observed here 

 and there over the tree during the entire spring, flowers being also 

 borne during this long period of irregular activity. Liquidambar 

 styraciflua also retains its foliage throughout the winter, new shoots 

 forming as early as February and continuing for two months, while 

 there is a gradual fall of the old leaves. In Liriodendron tulipifera 

 growth and leafing are continuous through the summer and into 

 October, but during the autumnal rains the leaves, old and new, are 

 shed, leaving the tree bare until the middle of February. Flowering 

 takes place during April and May. Taxodium distichum retains its 



