64 INTRODUCTION 



by carrion- or dung-flies, also by beetles. They are characterized by the smell 

 of carrion, and otherwise are like 3. (Stapelia, Rafflesia). 



6. Cantharophilae {with Beetle Flowers) : plants with flowers pollinated by 

 beetles. These are large day-flowers with conspicuous colours. They afford 

 a convenient shelter, and a superabundance of pollen, and in many cases there 

 is nectar that is moderately exposed (Magnolia). 



7. Psychophilae {with Butterfly Flowers) : plants with flowers pollinated by 

 butterflies. Day-flowers of bright colour, with nectar hidden at the base of a very 

 narrow tube (Dianthus*). 



8. Sphingophilae {with Sphinx Flowers) : plants with flowers pollinated by 

 Hawk-moths and Noctuids. Night-flowers of pale colour and strong agreeable 

 odour, with nectar hidden at the bottom of a very long corolla-tube, or in a spur 

 (Lonicera Caprifolium*, Platanthera*). 



Delpino subsequently published the preceding classification of insect-pollinated 

 plants in 'Ult. oss.' (Atti. Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xvi, 1874), p. 152. It has 

 the defect that all plants are left out of account which are visited and pollinated 

 by insects of various orders indiscriminately, i. e. the large majority of ' flowers.' 

 Herm. Miiller accordingly proposed the following classification of flowers ('Alpen- 

 blumen,' pp. 477-511)'. 



1 . PoUenflowers, which he indicated by the symbol Po : they offer no nectar 

 to visitors, but only pollen, e. g. species of the genus Papaver. 



2. Flowers with exposed nectar (symbol A). The nectar lying quite exposed 

 is at once seen, and is consequently accessible to all kinds of insects. To this 

 group belong most of the Umbelliferae, e.g. Daucus Carota. 



3. Flowers with nectar partly concealed (AB). The honey is only visible in 

 favourable circumstances, and in bright sunshine. Almost all Cruciferae belong 

 to this group, e. g. Raphanus Raphanistrum. 



4. Flowers with completely concealed nectar (B). The nectar is covered by 

 projecting parts of the flower, hairs, points, &c., or is concealed in sacs, so that 

 it is quite out of sight of visitors. Thymus Serpyllum. 



5. Social Flowers (B'). The nectar is concealed as in the previous class, 

 but the flowers are united into heads. To this group belong all the Compositae, 

 e. g. Centaurea Cyanus. 



6. Hymenopterid Flowers (H). These can only be pollinated and plundered by 

 Hymenopterids. To this group belong all the papilionaceous flowers, e. g. Genista 

 pilosa. 



7. Lepidopterid Flowers (F). These are chiefly visited by butterflies, the long 

 thin proboscis being able to reach the nectar, which is hidden in deep narrow tubes 

 or spurs. Dianthus Carthusianorum, Lonicera Periclymenum. 



8. Dipterid or Fly Flowers (D). These are visited chiefly by flies. Ruta 

 graveolens, Parnassia palustris, Aristolochia Clematitis, Vincetoxicum officinale, 

 Veronica Chamaedrys. 



9. Small-insect Flowers (Kl). These are visited by quite small insects of very 

 different orders. Herminium Monorchis. 



'■ [The symbols of Miiller and Verhoeff are here given, but several of them are replaced 

 by others in the body of the translation. See p. 67, footnote. — Tr.] 



