282 THE BEAUTIES OE NATURE chap. 



still to consider the situation and origin, and 

 it appears that Ullswater, Coniston Water, 

 the River Dudden, Waste Water, and Crum- 

 mock Water lie along the lines of old faults, 

 which no doubt in the first instance deter- 

 mined the flow of the water. 



Take another case. In the Jura the 

 valleys are obviously (see Fig. 18) in many 

 cases due to the folding of the strata. It 

 seldom happens, however, that the case is 

 so simple. If the elevation is considerable 

 the strata are often fractured, and fissures 

 are produced. Again if the part elevated 

 contains layers of more than one character, 

 this at once establishes differences. Take, 

 for instance, the Weald of Kent (Figs. 38, 

 39). Here we have (omitting minor layers) 

 four principal strata concerned, namely, the 

 Chalk, Greensand, Weald Clay, and Hastings 

 Sands. 



The axis of elevation runs (Fig. 39) from 

 Winchester by Petersfield, Horsham, and 

 Winchelsea to Boulogne, and as shown in 

 the following section, taken from Professor 

 Ramsay, we have on each side of the axis 



