ON RAISING AND MANAGING HEDGES. 149 
allowing them to remain without transplanting them, but this 
would render them bare, and unfit for a hedge, and bad for 
any purpose,—for unless they are frequently removed their 
roots get bare, after which they are very apt to die on being 
transplanted. Plants one foot high, which have been twice 
transplanted in the nursery, are commonly used as hedge 
plants; they are sold at about £2 per thousand. When 
bushy plants, well rooted, about two feet high, can be obtained, 
they are worth £6 to £8 a thousand. A dry, rich, loamy soil is 
congenial to their growth. I find moist, cloudy weather in the 
end of August or in September to be very suitable for their 
removal; then their roots take to the soil at once, become 
fixed before the winter, and start in spring with all the 
vigour of longer established plants. The next best time for 
transplanting is in spring, or in wet weather early in summer, 
provided the roots are not much exposed. With respect to this 
the plant is very sensitive. When healthy and of two feet in 
height it is afterwards by no means a slow-growing plant, 
and it forms a more desirable fence than any other evergreen 
tree. (See HoL.y.) 
The Crab-apple (Pyrus Malus) and the Crab-pear (P. commu- 
nis) very readily make efficient fences; the only objection to 
them is that they are subject to the attacks of caterpillar and 
bug. Strong plants are to be had in nurseries at the price of 
hawthorn of the same size. Their treatment is in all respects 
the same as that recommended for the hawthorn, but they 
do not make so close and compact a hedge as that tree. (See 
PyRus.) 
Elder (Sambucus nigra, S. virescens, S. racemosa).—These 
species of elder make a valuable screen fence in exposed situa- 
tions; they retain their vigour at a great altitude and in a 
diversity of soils in which few other plants will exist. In 
cultivated fields with a good climate the elder is seldom or 
never used as a fence, as it occupies a wide space, does not 
rise in a compact form, is too soft and yielding as a fence 
on level ground, and impoverishes the soil in its vicinity. I 
have, however, seen the elder used as a hedge along the top 
