334 THE ELM. 
the height of twenty-five feet im ten years. It naturally rises 
into a straight form, and seldom requires pruning. _ Its fibrous 
roots, upright and rapid growth, recommend it for a hedgerow 
tree, and as such it is capable of being transplanted of a size 
almost sufficient to resist injury from cattle. 
Of the recorded trees of the species in England, one of the 
most remarkable is the Crawley Elm, which stands on the 
high road from London to Brighton. It measures sixty-one 
feet in circumference at the ground, and is seventy feet high. 
Its trunk is perforated to the top, and it measures thirty-five 
feet round the inside at two feet from the base. At Hatfield, 
in Hertfordshire, there is one which measures forty-eight feet 
in girth, and contains 493 cubical feet of timber. In Warwick- 
shire, at Croombe Abbey, a tree 200 years old measured in 
the diameter of its trunk nine feet six inches; diameter of its 
head, seventy-four feet ; and is said to have stood 150 feet 
high. This is perhaps the loftiest tree of the species produced 
in England. One at Milbury Park, Dorsetshire, 200 years old, 
is 125 feet high. One at Strathfieldsaye is 130 feet high. 
Of this species of elm, Scotland possesses comparatively few 
specimens, and these do not seem remarkable for old age; but 
generally, they rise to a greater height than the native tree of 
the genus. The best specimens are found at Bothwell Castle, 
Barnton House, and Cullen House, where they range from 
eighty to a hundred feet in height. 
The wood is brown, hard, and of a fine grain; and as it is 
not apt to crack, it is adapted for the manufacture of articles 
that require lateral adhesion, such as the wooden furniture in 
the rigging of ships; and its quality, as well as its figure of 
growth, render it very suitable for ship keels. It is also em- 
ployed by the block and pump maker, the cart-wright, and 
cabinet-maker ; and in London it is the. common wood used 
in making coffins. Its value varies much in different districts, 
and is regulated by its quality and adaptation for particular 
purposes ; generally ranging from Is. to 1s. 8d. per cubical 
foot. The tree generally attains maturity in seventy or 
eighty years ; after which it has a tendency to become hollow 
