342 THE WALNUT. 
are found in the vicinity of the root. It soon becomes sea- 
soned, when it neither cracks nor warps, and it is reckoned 
the most ornamental of European timber, and much esteemed 
for cabinet-work, gun-stocks, etc. 
The fruit yields a valuable oil, which, in the south of 
Europe, is much used in culinary preparations and at table, in 
medicine, and for burning in lamps. It is also used to im- 
part a polish and lustre to timber, and by artists in fixing 
white and delicate colours. The mass of husks which remain 
after the oil is expressed is used as food for swine, sheep, and 
poultry. The fruit in a green state is frequently pickled and 
preserved. 
The roots of the tree, by boiling, yield a valuable dark- 
brown dye, which becomes fixed in wood, wool, or hair, 
without the aid of alum. There are several varieties of this 
species of walnut, which are cultivated chiefly on account of 
the size, early maturity, thinness of shell, or some other estim- 
able property of their fruit. They are increased by grafting, 
budding, or inarching on the common tree. 
J. migra (L.), the Black Walnut of America, was intro- 
duced into Britain about the middle of the seventeenth 
century. Its leaves are about twice as long as those of the 
common walnut, and are composed of six or eight pairs of 
opposite leaflets, with a single or terminal leaflet ; and, as in 
the common species, the leaves emit a strong aromatic odour. 
In its native country this tree attains a great size, being some- 
times found 100 feet high, and of proportionate diameter. It 
is readily raised from seed, which is commonly imported. The 
mode of cultivation is the same as that detailed for the common 
species. In England it advances with all the vigour which 
characterizes the tree in its native country; but as a fruit- 
tree it is inferior to the common species, and being later in 
ripening, it is only suitable for being grown as a timber tree, 
or in an isolated situation on the lawn, where, in good soil, 
it becomes a large spreading tree of great beauty. The timber 
is of a dark colour, finely grained, susceptible of a high polish, 
