GRAPE PRUNING AND TRAINING 323 



231. The upright type of training carries two or 

 more canes or arms along a horizontal wire or obliquely 

 across the wires. The two methods of renewing in this 

 type naturally divide into two groups, namely "high re- 

 newal," or "cane renewal," and "spur renewal." 



232. The high renewal system is popular in many grape- 

 growing sections, there being much to commend it. The 

 trellis is made with two, three or more wires, usuall> 

 three. The lower wire is placed 18 to .'^O inches above 

 ground, while the second and third are from LS to 20 

 inches apart, respectively. The main trunk or stem of 

 the vine is carried up to or just below the first wire, and 

 two canes, each bearing from G to 10 buds, are taken off, 

 preferably a little below the level of the wire. One is tied 

 to the right and the other to the left. The bearing shoots 

 that grow from the buds on these canes are tied to the 

 second wire when they ha\e reached a sufficient length 

 and to the third as soon as growth will permit. When 

 they reach above the upper wire, they may be pinched 

 back or cut off. 



The beginning of the next year should see the vine 

 again cut back to two canes that have grown from spurs 

 or canes of the previous year, this cutting being as close 

 to the head of the vine as possible. Near the base of each 

 of these canes, but upon older wood at the head of the 

 stem, short spurs carrying two or three buds are main- 

 tained. From these spurs shoots develop and in turn are 

 used to furnish the fruiting canes of the following year. 

 Thus, the spurs are the means of renewing the fruiting 

 wood. From the above, it will be seen that the amount 

 of old wood retained is reduced to a minimum, while the 

 labor of tying is greatly increased. 



233. The Keuka system (Fig. 275-2) practiced in the 

 Keuka Lake, New York, district, appears as a moflification 

 of the high renewal, but as there are some differences a de- 

 scription is warranted. The first year after setting, the vines 

 are allowed to grow at random on the ground. At the 



