BAT-BIRDS. 



139 



1. Lower mandible. 



2. Upper mandible. 



3. Forehead. 

 i. Loral space. 



5. Crown of the head. 



6. Hind part of the head. 



1. Scapulars — long feathers 

 from shoulders over sides 

 of back. 



8. Smaller wing coverts. 



9. Bend of the wing 

 10. Larger wing coverts. 



11. Tertials, arising from the 



second bone of the wing 

 at the elbow-joint. 



12. Secondaries, from the se- 



cond bone of the wing. 



13. Primaries, from the first 



bone of the wing. 



14. Tibia, the thigh. 



15. Tarsus, the shank. 



16. Upper tail coverts. 

 1 1. Lower tail coverts. 

 18. TaU feathers. 



The length of a bird is measured from the extremity of the 

 biU to the end of the longest tail feather ; the length of the 

 vriug is measured from the bend to the tip of the longest quiU. 



