194 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 



The next innovation made by Lamarck in the 

 Extrait du Cours de Zoologie, in l8l2, was not a happy- 

 one. In this work he distributed the fourteen classes 

 of the animal kingdom into three groups, which he 

 named Animaux Apathiques, Sensibks, and Intelligens. 

 In this physiologico-psychological base for a classi- 

 fication he unwisely departed from his usual more 

 solid foundation of anatomical structure, and the 

 results were worthless. He, however, repeats it in 

 his great work, Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans 

 VerVebres {i%ii,~i?,22). 



The sponges were by Cuvier, and also by Lamarck, 

 accorded a position among the Polypes, near Alcy- 

 onium, which represents the latter's Polypiers em- 

 pdte's; and it is interesting to notice that, for many 

 years remaining among the Protozoa, meanwhile 

 even by Agassiz regarded as vegetables, they were 

 by Haeckel restored to a position among the Coelen- 

 terates, though for over twenty years they have by 

 some American zoologists been more correctly re- 

 garded as a separate phylum.* Lamarck also sepa- 

 rated the seals and morses from the cetacea. Adopt- 

 ing his idea, Cuvier referred the seals to an order of 

 carnivora. 



Another interesting matter, to which Professor 

 Lacaze-Duthiers has called attention in his interesting 

 letter on p. yj, is the position assigned Lucernaria 

 among his Radiaires molasses near what are now 

 Ctenophora and Medusae, though one would have 



* See A. Hyatt's Revision of North American Poriferce, Part II. 

 (Boston, 1877, p. 11); also the present writer in his Text-book of Zoology 

 (1878). 



