402 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 



change of habits and food, use and disuse, are 

 factors. 



The same kind of inquiry, though on far less 

 complete data, was extended by the present writer" 

 in 1873 to the moths, careful measurements of 

 twenty-five species of geometrid moths common to 

 the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America 

 showing that there is an increase in size and varia- 

 tion in shape of the wings, and in some cases in 

 color, in the Pacific Coast over Eastern or Atlantic 

 Coast individuals of the same species, the differences 

 being attributed to the action of climatic causes. 

 The same law holds good in the few Notodontian 

 moths common to both sides of our continent. Sim- 

 ilar studies, the results depending on careful meas- 

 urements of many individuals, have recently been 

 made by C. H. Eigenmann (1895-96), W. J. Moenk- 

 haus (1896), and H. C. Bumpus (1896-98). 



The discoveries of Owen, Gaudry, Huxley, Kowa- 

 levsky. Cope, Marsh, Filhol, Osborn, Scott, Wort- 

 mann, and many others, abundantly prove that the 

 lines of vertebrate descent must have been the re- 

 sult of the action of the primary factors of organic 

 evolution, including the principles of migration, iso- 

 lation, and competition ; the selective principle being 

 secondary and preservative rather than originative. 



Important contributions to dynamic evolution or 

 kinetogenesis are the essays of Cope, Ryder, Dall, 

 Osborn, Jackson, Scott, and Wortmann. 



* Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical 

 Survey Territories, 1873. Pp- 543~56o. See also the author's mono- 

 graph of Geometrid Moths or Phalsenidse of the United States, 1876, 

 pp. 584-589, and monograph of Bombycine Moths (Notodontidae), p. 50. 



