408 LAMARCK, HIS LIFE AND WORK 



Dr. H. de Varigny has carried on much farther 

 the kind of experiments begun by Semper. In his 

 Experimental Evolution he employs the Lamarckian 

 factors of environment and use and disuse, regarding 

 the selective factors as secondary. 



The Lamarckian factors are also depended upon 

 by the late Professor Eimer in his works on the vari- 

 ation of the wall-lizard and on the markings of birds 

 and mammals (1881-88), his final views being com- 

 prised in his general work.* The essence of his point 

 of view may be seen by the following quotation : 



" According to my conception, the physical and 

 chemical changes which organisms experience during 

 life through the action of the environment, through 

 light or want of light, air, warmth, cold, water, moist- 

 ure, food, etc., and which they transmit by hered- 

 ity, are the primary elements in the production of 

 the manifold variety of the organic world, and in the 

 origin of species. From the materials thus supplied 

 the struggle for existence makes its selection. These 

 changes, however, express themselves simply as 

 growth " (p. 22). 



In a later paper f Eimer proposes the term "ortho- 

 genesis," or direct development, in rigorous con- 

 formity to law, in a few definite directions. Al- 

 though this is simply and wholly Lamarckism, Eimer 

 claims that it is not, " for," he strangely enough 

 says, " Lamarck ascribed no efificiency whatever to 



* Organic Evolution as the Result of the Inheritance of Acquired 

 Characters, according to the Laws of Organic Growth. Translated by 

 J. T. Cunningham, 1890. 



\ On Orthogenesis and the Impotence of Natural Selection in 

 Species Formation. Chicago, i8g8. 



