SUBJUGATION OR EXTERMINATION 97 



appear that two species of wild goat have been 

 domesticated and kept to some extent distinct, one 

 eventually finding its way westward, but not east- 

 ward and southward. 



The Indian humped cattle also differ so widely 

 in form, structure and voice from those of Europe 

 that there can scarcely be a doubt of their descent 

 from distinct species. But both have entirely dis- 

 appeared as wild animals, unless indeed the white 

 cattle of ChilUngham are really descendants of 

 Caesar's dreadful urus and not merely domestic 

 cattle lapsed into savagery. So have the camel, and, 

 with a similar possible exception, the horse. Was 

 the whole race in each of these cases subjugated, or 

 exterminated, and that by uncivilised man with his 

 primitive weapons ? There is no analogy here 

 with the extinction of such animals as the mam- 

 moth, for the ox is a beast in every way fitted to 

 live and thrive in the present condition of this 

 world, as much so as the buffalo and the Indian 

 bison, which show no sign of approaching extinction. 

 Our fathers easily got rid of the difficulty by assum- 

 ing that Noah never released these species after the 

 Flood, but what shall those do who cannot believe 

 in the literality of Noah's ark ? 



As for the dog, its domestication has been the 

 creation of a new species. The material was perhaps 

 the wolf, more likely the jackal, but possibly a blend 

 of more than one species. But a dog is now a dog 

 and neither a wolf nor a jackal. A mastiff, a pug, a 



