276 FUNGI. 



The Tuleracei* are remarkable amongst the fungi in being 

 all of them more or less hypogeous. They are natives of warm 

 countries, and are distributed into numerous genera and species. 

 The Tuleracei constitute in Northern latitudes a group of fungi 

 very poor in specific forms. The few species of the Hymeno- 

 gastres belonging to Sweden, with the exception of Hyperrhiza 

 variegata and one example of the genus Octaviana, are confined 

 to the southern provinces. The greater part of this group, like 

 the Lycoperdacei, are met with in the temperate zone. Most 

 examples of the genus Lycoperdon are cosmopolitan. 



The Nidulariaeei and the Trichodermacei appear to be scat- 

 tered over the globe in a uniform manner, although their species 

 are not everywhere similar. The same statement applies to the 

 Myocogastres, which are common in Lapland, and appear to have 

 their central point of distribution in the countries within the 

 temperate zone. At the same time, they are not wanting in 

 tropical regions, notwithstanding that the intensity of heat, by 

 drying up the mucilage which serves as the medium for the 

 development of their spores, is opposed to their developments 



Of the Coniomycetes, the parasitic species, as the Casomacei, the 

 Puceiniei, and the Ustilagines, accompany their foster-plants into 

 almost all regions where they are found ; so that smut, rust, and 

 mildew are as common on wheat and barley in the Himalayas 

 and in New Zealand as in Europe and America. Bavenelia and 

 Cronartium only occur in the warmer parts of the temperate 

 zone, whilst Sartvellia is confined to Surinam. Species of 

 Podisoma and JRcestelia are as common in the United States as 

 in Europe, and the latter appears also at the Cape and Ceylon. 

 Wherever species of Sphwria occur there the SpJueronemei are 

 found, but they do not appear, according to our present know- 

 ledge, to be so plentiful in tropical as in temperate countries. 

 The Torulacei and its allies are widely diffused, and probably 

 occur to a considerable extent in tropical countries. 



Hyphomyeetes are widely diffused; some species arc peculiarly 



* The Hypogcei are evidently intended here by Fries. 



f Fries, "On the Geographical Distribution of Fnngi " in "Aim. -arid Stag. 

 Nat. Hist." ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 285. 



