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MORPHOLOGY OP SPERMATOPHYTBS 



nospermy, the ovuliferous structures were interpreted in terms 

 of Angiosperms, the ovule being regarded as a pistil, and the 

 related parts being variously interpreted. Brown's conclusion 

 as to a naked ovule was derived from a comparison of the so- 



FiG. 55. — Ovulate structures of various Conifers : i Agathis aiistralis, ovuliferous scale 

 from inner side (M, winged seed) ; S, longitudinal section of i ; S, Araucaria excelsa, 

 longitudinal section of scale, etc., also showing the outgrowth (i) above the seed ; 

 4, Ctmninghamia Sinensis, ovuliferous scale, showing three ovules (JfeT), and an 

 outgrowth (i) ; 5, Miarocaohrys tetragona, longitudinal section of ovuliferous scale, 

 also showing the arillus (a) and the outgrowth (i) ; 6, Cryptomma Japonica, longi- 

 tudinal section of part of the strobilus ; 7 and 8, Cupressus Lawsoniana, showing a 

 young cone {7) and a later stage (S) ; 9, Podocarpus maa-ophylla, longitudinal sec- 

 tion, showing ovulate structures and aril (ar).— From Englbr and Prantl's Nat. 

 Pflanzenfam. 



called " ovule " (nucellus) of Cycads and Conifers Avith the 

 ovule of Angiosperms. His corollary was that the ovuliferous 

 scale represents an open carpel, but his statement that this so- 

 called carpel is a leaf in the axil of a bract called forth strong 

 dissent. 



In 1839 Schleiden ^ called attention to the fact that Brown's 

 " folium in axilla folii " is a morphological impossibility, and 

 that the ovuliferous scale is a flattened axis in the form of a 

 placenta, a view concurred in later by Baillon, Dickson, Stras- 

 burger, and Masters, but without regarding the axis as a pla- 

 centa, the axial nature of placentas in general being one of 

 Schleiden's peculiar views. 



