EBMEDIAL THEORIES AND EXPERIMENTS 201 



for carrying a day's supply, forming quite an item 

 of expense. Then, too, there are breakages, which 

 also involve considerable expense. The losses differ 

 greatly, according to the scope of the work, the 

 amount spent upon visitors' salaries, and the number 

 of children served, varying from a weekly loss of less 

 than $1.50 in Leith," to a loss of more than $10,000 

 a year in Liverpool.*" The deficit in Liverpool seems 

 very high and has been the subject of much criticism. 

 It must be understood, however, that the yearly 

 expenditures are so made up as to include cost of 

 machinery, alterations of buildings, and other items 

 usually charged to capital stock, and also that the 

 Liverpool depot is the largest of its kind in England, 

 and, I believe, in the world. The average yearly 

 deficit of the St. Helens depot during the four years 

 1900-1904 was about $875 and the average number 

 of children on the books about 240, whereas Liverpool 

 had in two and a half years 6295 infants on its books 

 who were supplied from the depot during that time. 

 It is interesting in connection with this question of 

 finances to observe that in some cities, notably Brad- 

 ford and Ashton-under-Lyne, unmodified sterilized 

 milk for older children is sold in pint bottles at a profit 

 which helps to reduce the loss on the infants' supply.^" 

 Bradford also sells milk wholesale to the municipal 

 hospitals and cream and eggs to the public at the 

 depot, the profits on which reduce the deficit on the 



