REMEDIAL THEORIES AND EXPERIMENTS 209 



the many physical advantages of the city. There was 

 a system of milk inspection, it is true, but it was wo- 

 fully inadequate and inefficient, as is customary in 

 American cities. There were one or two inspectors 

 with whom sobriety was not a strong point, and they 

 were known to "borrow" money occasionally from 

 milkmen. That they should protect the milkmen in 

 return for these favors was a natural result. From 

 1888 to 1896 inclusive, a period of nine years, the 

 number of children under five years of age dying from 

 all causes was 6629. I put the figures this way, giving 

 the total number of deaths xmder five years of age 

 from all causes, because it is the Rochester way of 

 looking at the question. It is part of the Rochester 

 creed that whenever a child under five years of age 

 dies from any cause not accidental or violent, the 

 death may be assumed to have been due, partly at 

 least, to the dirty and unwholesome character of its 

 food. 



In 1897 Dr. Goler established an infants' milk 

 depot for the two months, July and August, during 

 which the tide of infant mortality always rises. The 

 work began in a very primitive way, and the total 

 cost to the city was $300. A store was rented in a 

 very thickly populated district and fitted with running 

 water, gas stoves, counters, and shelves. Two of the 

 hospitals of the city each placed a nurse at the dis- 

 posal of Dr. Goler, and they pasteurized the milk, 



