VUl 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



(IV) B. Angiosperms .... 238 



Stem 239 



Root 247 



Leaf 250 



Flower 251 



Stamen 256 



Carpel . ... 260 



Female gametophyte . 264 

 Male gametophyte . . 267 



Fertilization 268 



Endosperm . . . 270 



Embryo 271 



Parthenogenesis . . . 275 

 Polyembryony . . .275 



CHAPTER PAGE 



(IV) Classification . . . 276 



Monocotyledons . . 276 

 Archichlamydeae . 279 

 Sympetalae . . . 280 



V. Organic Evolution 283 



Environment 284 



Use and disuse 284 



Natural selection .... 285 



Mutation 288 



Orthogenesis 289 



Weismannism 290 



Isolation 292 



Mendel's law 292 



Heredity 293 



Part II. Physiology 



Introduction 295 



I. The material income of plants 297 



1. The plant cell .... 297 



2. Diffusion and osmosis . 302 



3. Turgor and its conse- 



quences 308 



4. The permeable regions of 



root and shoot . . 311 

 II. The material outgo of plants . 323 



1. Transpiration .... 323 



2. Exudation of water . . 332 



3. The movement of water 341 



4. Other losses 352 



III. Nutrition 356 



1. The nature of plant food 356 



2. Photosynthesis .... 363 

 (i) The raw materials . 364 



(2) The laboratories . 366 



(3) The energy . . .368 



(4) The products and 



the process . .373 



3. The synthesis of proteins 377 



4. Other ways of getting 



food 380 



(III) 5. The storage and translo 

 cation of food . . 

 6. Digestion .... 

 IV. Destructive metabolism 



I. Respiration .... 

 J.. Fermentations . . . 

 3. Waste products and ash 

 V. Growth and movement . . 



1. Growth 



2. Irritability .... 



3. Morphogenic stimuli . 



4. Nastic curvatures . . 



5. Locomotion and stream 



ing 



6. Turgor movements 



7. Tropisms . . . . 



( 1 ) Geotropism 



(2) Thigmotropism 



(3) Traumatropism . 



(4) Rheotropism 



(5) Chemotropism . 



(6) Phototropism 



(7) Other tropisms with 



radiant energy 



8. The death of plants . 



388 

 397 

 403 

 403 

 409 

 412 

 417 

 417 

 426 



435 

 442 



444 

 45 J 

 458 

 459 

 469 



472 



473 

 473 

 475 



479 

 480 



