PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY SURGERY 331 



vessels concerned is an item of utmost importance. When 

 they are hard and fibrous, or their walls are in a state of 

 chronic inflammation, they do not retract into the tissues 

 and their lumina remain wide open, and the flow of blood, 

 as a consequence, shows no tendency to stop. 



Late secondary haemorrhages are often the result of 

 phlebitis. The coagailum closing the vessel becoming in- 

 fected, disintegrates, liquefies and flows out, and thus re- 

 opening of the opening is effected. 



Htemorrhages are more serious in the young and the 

 agedl animal. Arterial haemorrhage is recognized by the 

 flow of a jet of blood of a very bright red- color, that stops 

 by compression between the wound and the heart. If the 

 wound is deep or the orifice small, it flows out in a sheet 

 over the skin, or else dissects its way beneath the skin and 

 collects in the connective tissue spaces forming a sanguine- 

 ous tumor upon which pulsations can be felt. The result is 

 a diffuse transitory aneurism. Venous haemorrhage is rec- 

 ognized by the dark color of the blood, by the stopping of 

 the flow when compression is applied between the wound 

 and the capillaries, and by the copious flow when an obstacle 

 is applied between the wound and the heart. When the 

 wound in the vessel and that of the skin do not coincide the 

 accumulation of blood beneath the skin produces a throm- 

 bus. In capillary haemorrhage the flow is sheet-like, its 

 color is intermediate between arterial and venous blood ; 

 and the flow is not generally abundant. 



Copious haemorrhages are followed by weakness, rigors, 

 enfeeblement of the pulse, acceleration of the respirations, 

 paleness of the mucous membranes and coldness of the ex- 

 tremities. In slow and repeated haemorrhages there is lan- 

 guor and weakness, and the slightest effort causes shortness 

 of breath, fatigue and disturbance of the circulation. There 

 is intense thirst but no appetite for food. 



