PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY SURGERY 515 



(a) The Udder. — Bang found 52 cases of actinomycosis 

 of the udder of sows. Rasmussen reports several cases and 

 Hertwig saw all the mammas and the lumbar vertebras in- 

 vaded in a sow. The mammary tumors may at first be mis- 

 taken for adeno-fibromata or sarcomata. Their extirpation 

 is followed by relapse. Microscopic examination reveals the 

 nature of the lesion. The middle udders are the usual loca- 

 tions of the tumors. They start by an induration of the base 

 of the teat that ends by becoming ulcerated. The inguinal 

 lymphatics are not usually infected. 



(b) Muscles. — Virchow in 1865, and Duncker in 1884, 

 found actinomycostic tubercles in the muscles of the hog, 

 the nature of which was determined by the latter. Duncker's 

 opinion, ratified by Virchow, Israel, Shultz and Plant, was 

 contested in later years by Zuiniscemann, Lemke and Olt. 

 Muscular actinomycosis does not appear to have any influ- 

 ence on the general health of the hog. It has been observed 

 only in Germany, where it is common in the abattoirs of Ber- 

 lin, and in Italy. 



(d) Tonsils. — The disease manifests itself by the forma- 

 tion of tumors that disturb deglutition and respiration. A 

 number of cases of chronic sore throat in the hog might lead 

 to the suspicion of actinomycosis. 



(e) Other Localizations. — The maxilla may be attacked, 

 and not infrequently the scars of castration in both males 

 and females are the starting points of infection. 



The lungs, the pharynx, the kidneys, omentum, the 

 bones and the skin are sometimes attacked, but actinomy- 

 cosis is seldom generalized in the hog. Carl found all of the 

 left side of the abdominal cavity of a hog invaded, and all of 

 the lymphatic glands of the posterior part of the body 

 showed lesions. There were abscesses in the spleen, liver, 

 lungs, stomach, and the intestines. The initial point of in- 

 fection was the wound of castration. 



