PRINCIPLES OF VETERINARY SURGERY 645 



or less out of position and even turned in the opposite direc- 

 tion. The plantar surfaces of the hoofs may be turned for- 

 ward or attached to the trunk like the paws of a turtle. The 

 head is generally strong, but shortened. The eyes, ears and 

 forehead are normally developed, but the inferior maxillary 

 is curved and projects forward beyond the upper jaw, which 

 is very short. The snout seems to be attached to the frontal 

 bones, the nasal arch being rudimentary. The tongue is 

 held outside the buccal cavity and rises toward the nose. 

 The head resembles a mutilated cone with the basis consti- 

 tuted of the inferior maxillary. It gives the impression of 

 a bulldog's head, [or of a case of exaggerated prognathism. 

 — L. A. M.J The body is short, but normal and plump, 

 with prominent elevations in the region of the shoulders 

 and buttocks. The tail is short and undeveloped. The 

 muscles are slightly modified. The flexors are short and all 

 of the muscles are hard as if in a state of contraction. In 

 reality, there is no contraction, as Petit and Dechambre 

 have shown.* The study of the skeleton shows that only 

 the bones of the head and limbs are involved in the arrest of 

 development. The vertebral column and the ribs are per- 

 fect in their conformation. In the head the superior maxil- 

 lary and the nasal bones are particularly , affected. The 

 teeth are normal and normally inserted on both jaws. They 

 may deviate slightly on the inferior. The most important 

 alterations are located in the bones of the limbs. The scap- 

 ula contains its complementary cartilage, but is shorter and 

 thicker than in the normal state, and its articular cavity has 

 a diameter almost equal to that of the bone. The humerus 

 is reduced to an osseous disc interposed between two very 

 wide articular surfaces. The transverse diameter is almost 

 equal -to the length of the bone. The radius and ulna ex- 



*These lesions are frequently associated with an anasarca, probably 

 myxoedema. 



